Cosmology and the massive photon frequency shift in the Standard-Model Extension

Abstract The total red shift z might be recast as a combination of the expansion and static due to energy–momentum tensor non-conservation photon propagating through Electro-Magnetic (EM) fields. If massive, may described by de Broglie–Proca (dBP) theory which satisfies Lorentz(-Poincaré) Symmetry (LoSy) but not gauge-invariance. latter is regained in Standard-Model Extension (SME), associated with LoSy Violation (LSV) that naturally dresses photons mass. stems from vacuum expectation value vector LSV final colour (red or blue) size depend on orientations strength EM multiple fields encountered along path photon. Turning cosmology, for zero $$\Omega _{\Lambda }$$ ? ? energy density, discrepancy between luminosity distances SNeIa disappears thanks recasting . Massive induce an effective dark acting ‘optically’ dynamically.